Fragile Nation, Shattered Land - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Fragile Nation, Shattered Land write by James A. Reilly. This book was released on 2018-10-12. Fragile Nation, Shattered Land available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The Syrian state is less than 100 years old, born from the wreckage of World War I. Today it stands in ruins, shattered by brutal civil war. How did this happen? How did the lands that are today Syria survive incorporation with the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century and the trials and vicissitudes of the Sultan's rule for four centuries, only to collapse into civil war in recent years? Arguably it was the Ottoman period that laid the fragile foundations of a state that had to endure a turbulent twentieth century under French rule, tentative independence, a brutal and corrupt dictatorship and eventual disintegration in the twenty-first. Across a diverse cast of individuals, rich and poor, James Reilly explores these fractious and formative periods of Ottoman, Egyptian and French rule, and the ways that these contributed to the contradictions and failings of the rule of the Assad family; and to a civil war which produced the so-called Islamic State. In charting Syria's history over the last five centuries in their entirety for the first time, Reilly demonstrates the myriad historical, cultural, social, economic and political factors that bind Syrians together, as well as those that have torn them apart. Based on primary sources, recent historiography in English, French and Arabic and more than 30 years' experience living and working in the region, this is the essential book for understanding modern Syria and the Middle East.
A Fragile Nation
A Fragile Nation - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook A Fragile Nation write by Khoon Choy Lee. This book was released on 1999. A Fragile Nation available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Since the fall of President Suharto in May 1998, Indonesia, the third largest country in Asia, has been facing a political, economic and social crisis. Racial and religious clashes, culminating in riots, burning and chaos, have become a daily event throughout the country. There are signs that this multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural country may disintegrate just as Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. There are two major reasons why Indonesia is facing the crisis. First, Suharto failed to keep the balance of power between the armed forces and Islam, just as Sukarno had failed in his interplay of strength between Communism and the armed forces. When the balance was tilted, chaos and disasters followed. The second reason is that the Indonesian people, at least a section of them, have lost the spirit of tolerance -- symbolised in the Indonesian state crest, Bhenneka Tunggal Ika ('Unity in Diversity') -- which is so vital in a multi-religious and plural society. The mass killing of thousands of ethnic Chinese on 13 May 1998; the appearance of mysterious 'ninja' murders, the burning of churches and mosques, and the religious clashes between Christians and Muslims in Ambon have all indicated that this spirit of tolerance which was once so strongly imbedded in the Indonesian culture is fast evaporating. There seems to be no more rule of law in the country. The cry for 'jihad' among the Muslims in Jakarta, to take revenge on the Christians in Ambon, is making the more moderate religious leaders panicky. There is a tendency among the Indonesians to take the law into their own hands. Some extreme Muslims even hope to establish an Islamic State of Indonesia. Economically, Indonesia'scommerce and industries have been ruined, with foreign investors shunning the country. Millions of people are dying everyday from hunger. The economic situation is deteriorating everyday. The author of this book is the for
Nation-building as Necessary Effort in Fragile States
Nation-building as Necessary Effort in Fragile States - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Nation-building as Necessary Effort in Fragile States write by René Grotenhuis. This book was released on 2016. Nation-building as Necessary Effort in Fragile States available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. René Grotenhuis analyses policies intended to bring stability to fragile states and shows how they ignore the question of what gives people a sense of belonging to a nation-state.
Fragile States
Fragile States - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Fragile States write by Lothar Brock. This book was released on 2012-01-10. Fragile States available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. "... Explores the connections between fragile statehood and violent conflict, and analyses the limitations of outside intervention from international society."--P. 4 of cover.
States of Fragility 2020
States of Fragility 2020 - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook States of Fragility 2020 write by OECD. This book was released on 2020-09-17. States of Fragility 2020 available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. States of Fragility 2020 sets a policy agenda for fragility at a critical turning point: the final countdown on Agenda 2030 is at hand, and the pandemic has reversed hard-fought gains. This report examines fragility as a story in two parts: the global state of fragility that existed before COVID-19, and the dramatic impact the pandemic is having on that landscape.
