Advancing the Framework for Assessing Causality of Health and Welfare Effects to Inform National Ambient Air Quality Standard Reviews - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Advancing the Framework for Assessing Causality of Health and Welfare Effects to Inform National Ambient Air Quality Standard Reviews write by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. This book was released on 2023-07-14. Advancing the Framework for Assessing Causality of Health and Welfare Effects to Inform National Ambient Air Quality Standard Reviews available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. As part of its responsibilities under the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the air pollutants carbon monoxide, lead, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. EPA uses a weight of evidence approach to evaluate evidence from scientific studies and describe the causal relationships between these criteria pollutants and any adverse impacts on human health and on public welfare - including impacts on wildlife, water, forests, agriculture, and climate. The evaluation, called an Integrated Science Assessment, is used to inform standards setting associated with the criteria pollutants. This report, produced at the request of EPA, describes EPAs and several other frameworks for inferring causality of health or welfare effects and the characteristics of evidence useful for forming a causal determination. The report concludes that EPAs causal framework is effective, reliable, and scientifically defensible, provided that key scientific questions are identified and a range of necessary expertise is engaged. More transparency in how EPA integrates evidence could improve confidence in their determinations, and more guidance is needed in the framework on how evidence should be examined for vulnerable groups (e.g., human sub-populations) and sensitive ecosystems or species.
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations write by National Research Council. This book was released on 2002-10-30. Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. EPA estimates that thousands of premature deaths and cases of illnesses may be avoided by reducing air pollution. At the request of Congress, this report reviews the scientific basis of EPA's methods used in estimating the public health benefits from its air pollution regulations.
Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information Oaqps Staff Paper
Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information Oaqps Staff Paper - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information Oaqps Staff Paper write by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This book was released on 2013-10. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information Oaqps Staff Paper available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle.
Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution
Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution write by National Research Council. This book was released on 2008-07-21. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. In light of recent evidence on the relationship of ozone to mortality and questions about its implications for benefit analysis, the Environmental Protection Agency asked the National Research Council to establish a committee of experts to evaluate independently the contributions of recent epidemiologic studies to understanding the size of the ozone-mortality effect in the context of benefit analysis. The committee was also asked to assess methods for estimating how much a reduction in short-term exposure to ozone would reduce premature deaths, to assess methods for estimating associated increases in life expectancy, and to assess methods for estimating the monetary value of the reduced risk of premature death and increased life expectancy in the context of health-benefits analysis. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution details the committee's findings and posits several recommendations to address these issues.
A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System
A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System write by National Research Council. This book was released on 2015-06-17. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. How we produce and consume food has a bigger impact on Americans' well-being than any other human activity. The food industry is the largest sector of our economy; food touches everything from our health to the environment, climate change, economic inequality, and the federal budget. From the earliest developments of agriculture, a major goal has been to attain sufficient foods that provide the energy and the nutrients needed for a healthy, active life. Over time, food production, processing, marketing, and consumption have evolved and become highly complex. The challenges of improving the food system in the 21st century will require systemic approaches that take full account of social, economic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. Policy or business interventions involving a segment of the food system often have consequences beyond the original issue the intervention was meant to address. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System develops an analytical framework for assessing effects associated with the ways in which food is grown, processed, distributed, marketed, retailed, and consumed in the United States. The framework will allow users to recognize effects across the full food system, consider all domains and dimensions of effects, account for systems dynamics and complexities, and choose appropriate methods for analysis. This report provides example applications of the framework based on complex questions that are currently under debate: consumption of a healthy and safe diet, food security, animal welfare, and preserving the environment and its resources. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System describes the U.S. food system and provides a brief history of its evolution into the current system. This report identifies some of the real and potential implications of the current system in terms of its health, environmental, and socioeconomic effects along with a sense for the complexities of the system, potential metrics, and some of the data needs that are required to assess the effects. The overview of the food system and the framework described in this report will be an essential resource for decision makers, researchers, and others to examine the possible impacts of alternative policies or agricultural or food processing practices.
