Area and Energy Efficient VLSI Architectures for Low-density Parity-check Decoders Using an On-the-fly Computation - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Area and Energy Efficient VLSI Architectures for Low-density Parity-check Decoders Using an On-the-fly Computation write by Kiran Kumar Gunnam. This book was released on 2010. Area and Energy Efficient VLSI Architectures for Low-density Parity-check Decoders Using an On-the-fly Computation available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The VLSI implementation complexity of a low density parity check (LDPC) decoder is largely influenced by the interconnect and the storage requirements. This dissertation presents the decoder architectures for regular and irregular LDPC codes that provide substantial gains over existing academic and commercial implementations. Several structured properties of LDPC codes and decoding algorithms are observed and are used to construct hardware implementation with reduced processing complexity. The proposed architectures utilize an on-the-fly computation paradigm which permits scheduling of the computations in a way that the memory requirements and re-computations are reduced. Using this paradigm, the run-time configurable and multi-rate VLSI architectures for the rate compatible array LDPC codes and irregular block LDPC codes are designed. Rate compatible array codes are considered for DSL applications. Irregular block LDPC codes are proposed for IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.20. When compared with a recent implementation of an 802.11n LDPC decoder, the proposed decoder reduces the logic complexity by 6.45x and memory complexity by 2x for a given data throughput. When compared to the latest reported multi-rate decoders, this decoder design has an area efficiency of around 5.5x and energy efficiency of 2.6x for a given data throughput. The numbers are normalized for a 180nm CMOS process. Properly designed array codes have low error floors and meet the requirements of magnetic channel and other applications which need several Gbps of data throughput. A high throughput and fixed code architecture for array LDPC codes has been designed. No modification to the code is performed as this can result in high error floors. This parallel decoder architecture has no routing congestion and is scalable for longer block lengths. When compared to the latest fixed code parallel decoders in the literature, this design has an area efficiency of around 36x and an energy efficiency of 3x for a given data throughput. Again, the numbers are normalized for a 180nm CMOS process. In summary, the design and analysis details of the proposed architectures are described in this dissertation. The results from the extensive simulation and VHDL verification on FPGA and ASIC design platforms are also presented.
VLSI Architectures for Multi-Gbps Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders
VLSI Architectures for Multi-Gbps Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook VLSI Architectures for Multi-Gbps Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders write by Ahmad Darabiha. This book was released on 2008. VLSI Architectures for Multi-Gbps Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Near-capacity performance and parallelizable decoding algorithms have made Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes a powerful competitor to previous generations of codes, such as Turbo and Reed Solomon codes, for reliable high-speed digital communications. As a result, they have been adopted in several emerging standards. This thesis investigates VLSI architectures for multi-Gbps power and area-efficient LDPC decoders. To reduce the node-to-node communication complexity, a decoding scheme is proposed in which messages are transferred and computed bit-serially. Also, a broadcasting scheme is proposed in which the traditional computations required in the sum-product and min-sum decoding algorithms are repartitioned between the check and variable node units. To increase decoding throughput, a block interlacing scheme is investigated which is particularly advantageous in fully-parallel LDPC decoders. To increase decoder energy efficiency, an efficient early termination scheme is proposed. In addition, an analysis is given of how increased hardware parallelism coupled with a reduced supply voltage is a particularly effective approach to reduce the power consumption of LDPC decoders. These architectures and circuits are demonstrated in two hardware implementations. Specifically, a 610-Mbps bit-serial fully-parallel (480, 355) LDPC decoder on a single Altera Stratix EP1S80 device is presented. To our knowledge, this is the fastest FPGA-based LDPC decoder reported in the literature. A fabricated 0.13-mum CMOS bit-serial (660, 484) LDPC decoder is also presented. The decoder has a 300 MHz maximum clock frequency and a 3.3 Gbps throughput with a nominal 1.2-V supply and performs within 3 dB of the Shannon limit at a BER of 10-5. With more than 60% power saving gained by early termination, the decoder consumes 10.4 pJ/bit/iteration at Eb=N0=4dB. Coupling early termination with supply voltage scaling results in an even lower energy consumption of 2.7 pJ/bit/iteration with 648 Mbps decoding throughput. The proposed techniques demonstrate that the bit-serial fully-parallel architecture is preferred to memory-based partially-parallel architectures, both in terms of throughput and energy efficiency, for applications such as 10GBase-T which use medium-size LDPC code (e.g., 2048 bit) and require multi-Gbps decoding throughput.
Efficient VLSI Architectures for Non-binary Low Density Parity Check Decoding
Efficient VLSI Architectures for Non-binary Low Density Parity Check Decoding - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Efficient VLSI Architectures for Non-binary Low Density Parity Check Decoding write by Fang Cai. This book was released on 2011. Efficient VLSI Architectures for Non-binary Low Density Parity Check Decoding available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes can achieve better error-correcting performance than binary LDPC codes when the code length is moderate at the cost of higher decoding complexity. The high complexity is mainly caused by the complicated computations in the check node processing and the large memory requirement. In this thesis, two VLSI designs for NB-LDPC decoders based on two novel check node processing schemes are proposed. The first design is based on forward-backward check node processing. A novel scheme and corresponding architecture are developed to implement the elementary step of the check node processing. In our design, layered decoding is applied and only nm less than q messages are kept on each edge of the associated Tanner graph. The computation units and the scheduling of the computations are optimized in the context of layered decoding to reduce the area requirement and increase the speed. This thesis also introduces an overlapped method for the check node processing among different layers to further speed up the decoding. From complexity and latency analysis, our design is much more efficient than any previous design. Our proposed decoder for a (744, 653) code over GF(32) has also been synthesized on a Xilinx Virtex-2 Pro FPGA device. It can achieve a throughput of 9.30 Mbps when 15 decoding iterations are carried out. The second design is based on a proposed trellis based check node processing scheme. The proposed scheme first sorts out a limited number of the most reliable variable-to-check (v-to-c) messages, then the check-to-variable (c-to-v) messages to all connected variable nodes are derived independently from the sorted messages without noticeable performance loss. Compared to the previous iterative forward-backward check node processing, the proposed scheme not only significantly reduced the computation complexity, but eliminated the memory required for storing the intermediate messages generated from the forward and backward processes. Inspired by this novel c-to-v message computation method, we propose to store the most reliable v-to-c messages as 'compressed' c-to-v messages. The c-to-v messages will be recovered from the compressed format when needed. Accordingly, the memory requirement of the overall decoder can be substantially reduced. Compared to the previous Min-max decoder architecture, the proposed design for a (837, 726) code over GF(32) can achieve the same throughput with only 46% of the area.
K-Best Decoders for 5G+ Wireless Communication
K-Best Decoders for 5G+ Wireless Communication - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook K-Best Decoders for 5G+ Wireless Communication write by Mehnaz Rahman. This book was released on 2016-08-31. K-Best Decoders for 5G+ Wireless Communication available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This book discusses new, efficient and hardware realizable algorithms that can attain the performance of beyond 5G wireless communication. The authors explain topics gradually, stepping from basic MIMO detection to optimized schemes for both hard and soft domain MIMO detection and also to the feasible VLSI implementation, scalable to any MIMO configuration (including massive MIMO, used in satellite/space communication). The techniques described in this book enable readers to implement real designs, with reduced computational complexity and improved performance.
Algorithms and Architectures for Efficient Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Decoder Hardware
Algorithms and Architectures for Efficient Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Decoder Hardware - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Algorithms and Architectures for Efficient Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Decoder Hardware write by Tinoosh Mohsenin. This book was released on 2010. Algorithms and Architectures for Efficient Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Decoder Hardware available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Many emerging and future communication applications require a significant amount of high throughput data processing and operate with decreasing power budgets. This need for greater energy efficiency and improved performance of electronic devices demands a joint optimization of algorithms, architectures, and implementations. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoding has received significant attention due to its superior error correction performance, and has been adopted by recent communication standards such as 10GBASE-T 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Currently high performance LDPC decoders are designed to be dedicated blocks within a System-on-Chip (SoC) and require many processing nodes. These nodes require a large set of interconnect circuitry whose delay and power are wire-dominated circuits. Therefore, low clock rates and increased area are a common result of the codes' inherent irregular and global communication patterns. As the delay and energy costs caused by wires are likely to increase in future fabrication technologies new solutions dealing with future VLSI challenges must be considered. Three novel message-passing decoding algorithms, Split-Row, Multi-Splitand Split-Row Threshold are introduced, which significantly reduce processor logical complexity and local and global interconnections. One conventional and four Split-Row Threshold LDPC decoders compatible with the 10GBASE-T standard are implemented in 65 nm CMOS and presented along with their trade-offs in error correction performance, wire interconnect complexity, decoder area, power dissipation, and speed. For additional power saving, an adaptive wordwidth decoding algorithm is proposed which switches between a 6-bit Normal Mode and a reduced 3-bit Low Power Mode depending on the SNR and decoding iteration. A 16-way Split-Row Threshold with adaptive wordwidth implementation achieves improvements in area, throughput and energy efficiency of 3.9x, 2.6x, and 3.6x respectively, compared to a MinSum Normalized implementation, with an SNR loss of 0.25 dB at BER = 10−7. The decoder occupies a die area of 5.10 mm2, operates up to 185 MHz at 1.3 V, and attains an average throughput of 85.7 Gbps with early-termination. Low power operation at 0.6 V gives a worst case throughput of 9.3 Gbps--above the 6.4 Gbps 10GBASE-T requirement, and an average power of 31 mW.
