Constructions and Environments - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Constructions and Environments write by Peter Petré. This book was released on 2014-06-17. Constructions and Environments available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This monograph presents the first comprehensive diachronic account of copular and passive verb constructions in Old and Middle English. Peter Petré analyzes: · The mysterious loss of the high-frequency verb weorðan 'become' as a casualty of changing word order in narrative during Middle English. · The merger of is 'is' and bið 'shall be, is generally' into a single suppletive verb, and how it is related to the development of a general analytic future shall be. · The co-occurrence of multiple changes that led to become and wax crossing a threshold of similarity with existing copulas, from which they analogically adopted full productivity in one fell swoop. In explaining each of these changes, Petré goes beyond the level of the verb and its complements, drawing attention to analogical networks and the importance of a verb's embeddedness in clausal and textual environments. Using a radically usage-based approach, treating syntax as emerging from (changing) frequencies, Petré draws attention to general principles of constructional change, including but not limited to grammaticalization and lexicalization. He proposes novel parallelisms between linguistic and ecological evolution. Going beyond the view of language change as propagating only in social interaction, Petré explains how each individual's mental grammar can be seen as a dynamic ecosystem with hierarchical environments (clausal niches, textual habitats). In this view, the interconnectedness of seemingly unrelated changes, itself resulting from cognitive economy principles, is arguably more decisive in lexical change than is functional competition.
A Pattern Language
A Pattern Language - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook A Pattern Language write by Christopher Alexander. This book was released on 2018-09-20. A Pattern Language available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. You can use this book to design a house for yourself with your family; you can use it to work with your neighbors to improve your town and neighborhood; you can use it to design an office, or a workshop, or a public building. And you can use it to guide you in the actual process of construction. After a ten-year silence, Christopher Alexander and his colleagues at the Center for Environmental Structure are now publishing a major statement in the form of three books which will, in their words, "lay the basis for an entirely new approach to architecture, building and planning, which will we hope replace existing ideas and practices entirely." The three books are The Timeless Way of Building, The Oregon Experiment, and this book, A Pattern Language. At the core of these books is the idea that people should design for themselves their own houses, streets, and communities. This idea may be radical (it implies a radical transformation of the architectural profession) but it comes simply from the observation that most of the wonderful places of the world were not made by architects but by the people. At the core of the books, too, is the point that in designing their environments people always rely on certain "languages," which, like the languages we speak, allow them to articulate and communicate an infinite variety of designs within a forma system which gives them coherence. This book provides a language of this kind. It will enable a person to make a design for almost any kind of building, or any part of the built environment. "Patterns," the units of this language, are answers to design problems (How high should a window sill be? How many stories should a building have? How much space in a neighborhood should be devoted to grass and trees?). More than 250 of the patterns in this pattern language are given: each consists of a problem statement, a discussion of the problem with an illustration, and a solution. As the authors say in their introduction, many of the patterns are archetypal, so deeply rooted in the nature of things that it seemly likely that they will be a part of human nature, and human action, as much in five hundred years as they are today.
Construction and the Natural Environment
Construction and the Natural Environment - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Construction and the Natural Environment write by R. M. Lowton. This book was released on 1997. Construction and the Natural Environment available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. A concise survey of all the aspects of the natural environment which relate to the construction business. The book is designed for students pursuing college or degree courses, and Advanced GNVQ programmes where this aspect of construction is an important t
The Built Environment
The Built Environment - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Built Environment write by Wendy R. McClure. This book was released on 2007-04-13. The Built Environment available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Collected articles used as a course reader by Architecture classes at the University of Idaho and Washington State University, and distributed through their respective bookstores.
Buildings, Culture and Environment
Buildings, Culture and Environment - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Buildings, Culture and Environment write by Richard Lorch. This book was released on 2008-04-15. Buildings, Culture and Environment available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. With accelerating change towards globalisation, the efficacy of design solutions not embedded within regional culture has been prone to failure - technically, socially and economically. Environmental problems and questions surrounding how to achieve a sustainable built environment are now posing urgent challenges to built environment practitioners and researcher. However, international cooperation in setting targets and standards as well as an increasing exchange of environmental information and practices present designers, clients and occupants with new problems that comprise local needs and the built environment. This book addresses the role regional culture play in the successful (or otherwise) process of exchanging and adapting environmental practices and standards in the built environment. Using the specific case of the design of environmentally sound buildings, the book identifies a number of issues from different perspectives: The conflict between regionally appropriate environmental building practices within a global technical and economic context. How human, social and cultural expectations limit technological advances and performance improvements. To what extent information on environmentally progressive buildings can be transferred across cultures without compromising regional and local practices. Which ideas travel successfully between regions – generic principles, specific ideas or specific solutions? How the idea of regional identity is being redefined as the process of globalisation both widens and accelerates.
