Democracy and the Skill-Bias in Trade Policy in Developing Countries - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Democracy and the Skill-Bias in Trade Policy in Developing Countries write by Helen V. Milner. This book was released on 2013. Democracy and the Skill-Bias in Trade Policy in Developing Countries available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. A growing body of research suggests that democracy promotes trade liberalization in developing countries. We argue that democracy in developing countries generates a "skill bias" in trade policy where democratic incumbents have incentives to increase tariffs on high skilled goods but reduce trade barriers on low skilled goods. Our model analyzes how electoral competition and interest group politics in the Heckscher-Ohlin economy of a democratic developing country affects trade protection on low and high skilled goods. It predicts that electoral competition induces the government to reduce trade barriers for low skilled goods to maximize the utility of the abundant factor, namely the low skilled median voter, who optimally prefers a reduction in tariffs for low skilled goods. At the same time, electoral politics also engenders lobbying pressure and campaign contributions from the scarce factor in the polity - the owners of skill-intensive industries (the interest group) - who prefers more trade protection for high skilled goods. The government rationally responds to contributions and electoral dividends generated by protecting skill-intensive industries from import competition by increasing tariffs on high skilled goods. Empirical tests conducted on a novel disaggregated industry-level dataset of trade protection for 92 developing countries from 1978-2004 provides robust statistical support for our theoretical predictions.
Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries
Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries write by Helen V. Milner. This book was released on 2013. Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. What explains the variation in trade policy among democracies in developing countries? Why have some liberalized trade more than others? We analyze the impact of political particularism - defined as the degree of party discipline and the incentives for politicians to cultivate a personal vote - on trade protection. We present theoretical results from a model of particularism and its effects on tariffs; we present quantitative evidence to test the model; and then we develop a case study of India to illuminate it. Our model analyzes how an increase in particularism (that is, a shift from a party-centered to a more candidate-centered system) interacts with the degree of inter-industry occupational mobility of labor and the asset-specificity of industries to influence trade policies in developing democracies. Our model suggests that an increase in particularism induces leaders from the ruling and opposition parties to shift trade policy in equilibrium to the median voter's optimal preference, who in a developing society is a worker; and this means a reduction in trade barriers when labor mobility is high. Our data strongly support this conclusion. Our case study of India shows how the dynamics of a party-centered system operate to maintain higher trade barriers.
Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries
Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries write by Bumba Mukherjee. This book was released on 2016-06-17. Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Since the 1970s, two major trends have emerged among developing countries: the rise of new democracies and the rush to free trade. For some, the confluence of these events suggests that a free-market economy complements a fledgling democracy. Others argue that the two are inherently incompatible and that exposure to economic globalization actually jeopardizes new democracies. Which view is correct? Bumba Mukherjee argues that the reality of how democracy and trade policy unravel in developing countries is more nuanced than either account. Mukherjee offers the first comprehensive cross-national framework for identifying the specific economic conditions that influence trade policy in developing countries. Laying out the causes of variation in trade policy in four developing or recently developed countries—Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa—he argues persuasively that changing political interactions among parties, party leaders, and the labor market are often key to trade policy outcome. For instance, if workers are in a position to benefit from opening up to trade, party leaders in turn support trade reforms by decreasing tariffs and other trade barriers. At a time when discussions about the stability of new democracies are at the forefront, Democracy and Trade Policy in Developing Countries provides invaluable insight into the conditions needed for a democracy to survive in the developing world in the context of globalization.
Opening Up By Cracking Down
Opening Up By Cracking Down - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Opening Up By Cracking Down write by Adam Dean. This book was released on 2022-10-06. Opening Up By Cracking Down available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Details how democratic developing countries used labor repression to overcome labor union opposition to free trade.
Women and Trade
Women and Trade - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Women and Trade write by World Bank;World Trade Organization. This book was released on 2020-09-04. Women and Trade available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
