Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus write by Schaldach, Ruth. This book was released on 2020-01-20. Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Virtual water trade increased with globalisation. However, this trade does not always flow in such direction, that water abundant regions supply water scarce regions with water intense products. Often the opposite happens and depletive water trade intensifies causing water scarcity. This work focuses on the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Nexus with each element seen as a materialisation of discourses. Two cases illustrate specific parts of the Nexus, firstly, the close relationship of market liberalisation, foreign direct investment and virtual water trade is represented with Viet Nam’s Doi Moi policy and rapid economic growth. Secondly, the water-energy dimension linkages are drawn by following the case of hydraulic fracturing from the U.S. to Australia’s gas drills embedded in a global perspective. This work helps to understand especially cases, where virtual water trade dries out water resources in already vulnerable areas.
Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus
Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus write by Ruth Schaldach. This book was released on 2019. Depletive Virtual Water Trade Embedded in the Water-Energy-Soil-Trade-Discourse Nexus available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle.
The concept of virtual water as a policy tool?
The concept of virtual water as a policy tool? - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The concept of virtual water as a policy tool? write by Kristina Kirfel. This book was released on 2011-07-14. The concept of virtual water as a policy tool? available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich VWL - Umweltökonomie, Note: 1,3, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Environmental and Resource Economics), Veranstaltung: Land and Water Management, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Water is distributed unevenly over the globe, making it scarce in many regions of the world. This scarcity is projected to increase significantly due to rapid population growth and increasing per capita affluence, leading to higher per capita water consumption. Global climate change may be an additional factor intensifying water shortness in some regions due to an increasing number of drought events. As water scarcity immediately effects agricultural production, food supply is at risk of becoming insecure in countries poorly endowed with water. ALLAN introduced the concept of virtual water in mid 1990s, stressing that import of food crops and thereby of virtual water could be the solution to water scarcity and food insecurity in water deficient countries (see ALLAN, 1996). Meanwhile, the trade of virtual water is strongly promoted in the water resources literature as a policy tool serving to enhance global water use efficiency, release pressure on nations’ short water resources, ensure food security, and even to prevent wars over water (see ALLAN, 1998, p.545). This is supported by the suggestion that food staples are readily available on the world market at prices undercutting the costs of production (see ALLAN, 1996, p.1, YANG AND ZEHNDER, 2002, p.1422). Following its potential benefits, ALLAN even called it ‘‘the dream solution in water-stressed economies’’ (see ALLAN, 2002, cited in ROTH AND WARNER, 2007, p.258). This paper aims at calling attention to the limitations of the concept and the adverse effects virtual water trade can have on the exporting aswell as on the importing countries. While the implementation of virtual water trade may lead to the desired outcome in terms of water savings, it may be socially, economically, and environmentally detrimental, if its many implications are not taken into account and economic and social adjustments to it are lacking. The paper is structured as follows: in chapter 2, the concept of virtual water will be explained by its definition and application to international trade, thereby highlighting its potential in water saving. Chapter 3 is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between water scarcity and virtual water trade, showing that water scarcity is only in few cases the driver of importing water-intensive commodities. [...]
Virtual Water Trade - Real Concerns
Virtual Water Trade - Real Concerns - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Virtual Water Trade - Real Concerns write by Dipankar Dey. This book was released on 2009. Virtual Water Trade - Real Concerns available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The energy and water intensive agriculture practices, followed world wide since 1950s, have already made serious damage to the ecology through indiscriminate use of fossil fuel based chemical fertilizer and under ground water. Thus both air and water got contaminated. Eventually these two 'common properties', which were available 'free' from the beginning of the human civilization, have been turned into 'economic goods'. Water scarcity has emerged as one of the major economic and environmental issues of this century. In addition to the 'real' water market there exists, though some what dormant at present, another large market of 'virtual water'. Virtual/embedded water is the amount of water used in the production of food, energy and other products. It is the embedded water content of a product. It has been claimed that one solution to water scarcity involves accounting for the 'virtual water' when designing trade policy. The paper concludes that the widening of domestic dualism in the production and consumption of food and water in the countries like India is the outcome of a unique strategy the Northern countries have been following for the last few decades to make their economies 'green'. The initial tactic was to shift the polluting industries to the developing countries. Now is the turn for the agriculture.
Embedded Resource Accounting with Applications to Water Embedded in Energy Trade in the Western U.S.
Embedded Resource Accounting with Applications to Water Embedded in Energy Trade in the Western U.S. - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Embedded Resource Accounting with Applications to Water Embedded in Energy Trade in the Western U.S. write by Elizabeth Anne Adams. This book was released on 2013. Embedded Resource Accounting with Applications to Water Embedded in Energy Trade in the Western U.S. available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Water resource management is becoming increasingly burdened by uncertain and fluctuating conditions resulting from climate change and population growth which place increased demands on already strained resources. Innovative water management schemes are necessary to address the reality of available water supplies. One such approach is the substitution of trade in virtual water for the use of local water supplies. This study provides a review of existing work in the use of virtual water and water footprint methods. Virtual water trade has been shown to be a successful method for addressing water scarcity and decreasing overall water consumption by shifting high water consumptive processes to wetter regions. These results however assume that all water resource supplies are equivalent regardless of physical location and they do not tie directly to economic markets. In this study we introduce a new mathematical framework, Embedded Resource Accounting (ERA), which is a synthesis of several different analytical methods presently used to quantify and describe human interactions with the economy and the natural environment. We define the specifics of the ERA framework in a generic context for the analysis of embedded resource trade in a way that links directly with the economics of that trade. Acknowledging the cyclical nature of water and the abundance of actual water resources on Earth, this study addresses fresh water availability within a given region. That is to say, the quantities of fresh water supplies annually available at acceptable quality for anthropogenic uses. The results of this research provide useful tools for water resource managers and policy makers to inform decision making on, (1) reallocation of local available fresh water resources, and (2) strategic supplementation of those resources with outside fresh water resources via the import of virtual water.
