Fine Particulate Matter, Neuropathologies, & Dementia - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Fine Particulate Matter, Neuropathologies, & Dementia write by Rachel Markowitz Shaffer. This book was released on 2020. Fine Particulate Matter, Neuropathologies, & Dementia available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD), affect over 47 million people worldwide, and this number is anticipated to reach 131.5 million by 2050. Because no medication successfully reverses the course of dementia, researchers are focusing increasing efforts on prevention by addressing potentially modifiable risk factors. Recent evidence suggests that air pollution, a ubiquitous environmental exposure, may be linked to neurodegeneration and dementia. This project aimed to advance the state of the science on this topic through biologically-based epidemiological analyses. In the first aim, using a cohort from the University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, I evaluated the association between long and short-term PM2.5 exposure and biomarkers of vascular injury (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This question is important to investigate because of the growing evidence of the role of cerebrovascular disease in dementia as well as well-established linkages between air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Our analyses indicated that, among cognitively normal individuals, a 5 ug/m3 increase in 1-yr and 7-day PM2.5 exposure was associated with elevated VCAM-1 (beta (95% CI) for 1-year: 51.8 (6.5, 97.1) ng/ml; 7-day: 35.4 (9.7, 61.1) ng/ml) and that a 5 ug/m3 increase in 1-yr PM2.5 exposure was associated with elevated e-selectin (53.3 (11.0, 95.5) pg/ml). We found no consistent associations between pollution and markers of vascular injury in the CSF among cognitively impaired individuals. Overall, our results in cognitively normal individuals are aligned with prior research linking PM2.5 to vascular damage in other biofluids as well as emerging evidence of the role of PM2.5 in neurodegeneration. Our null results among cognitively impaired individuals are unsurprising, given that the influence of internal disease processes would be more important than external PM2.5 exposures in contributing to vascular injury. In the second aim, I utilized autopsy specimens to conduct a novel analysis evaluating the association between PM2.5 exposure and AD stage at death. After addressing differential selection into the autopsy cohort through inverse-probability weighting, we estimated that each 1 ug/m3 increase in 10-year average PM2.5 prior to death was associated with a suggestive increase in the odds of higher CERAD score (OR: 1.35 (0.90, 1.90)). There was no association with Braak score (OR: 0.99 (0.64, 1.47), and there was a suggestive inverse association with odds of higher simulated ABC score (OR: 0.79 (0.49, 1.19). However, for all outcomes, the confidence intervals included the null. In the third aim, I evaluated the association between long term average PM2.5 exposure and incidence of dementia (AD and all-cause). This study leveraged 40 years of exposure information based on a newly developed spatiotemporal model as well as research quality diagnosis data. We estimated that a 1 ug/m3 increase in 10-year moving average of PM2.5 was associated with a 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) increase in the hazard of all-cause dementia. Results from secondary analyses of AD-subtype dementia were slightly attenuated (1.11 (0.97, 1.27)). These results providing additional evidence of the neurodegenerative effects of PM2.5 pollution. Overall, this work advances our scientific understanding of the mechanisms and risk factors for dementia. Findings of this research can inform policies to reduce exposure to air pollution, which could decrease the burden of environmental-related dementia across the population.
Alzheimer's Disease and Air Pollution
Alzheimer's Disease and Air Pollution - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Alzheimer's Disease and Air Pollution write by L. Calderón-Garcidueñas. This book was released on 2021-05-03. Alzheimer's Disease and Air Pollution available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Most people think of Alzheimer’s disease as a condition which predominately affects elderly people, but an increasing amount of evidence indicates that in populations exposed to high concentration of air pollutants, Alzheimer’s disease development and progression can be identified in pediatric and young adulthood ages. Cognitive, olfactory, gait, equilibrium and auditory alterations are seen early, thus the concept of decades-long asymptomatic period prior to clinical cognitive impairment does not apply to the millions of people exposed day in and day out to polluted environments. This book Alzheimer's Disease and Air Pollution – The Development and Progression of a Fatal Disease from Childhood and the Opportunities for Early Prevention is a compilation of work by researchers intent on revealing the links between air pollution and neurodegeneration. The book is divided into 6 sections. It includes a section describing the ways in which air pollution from traffic and tobacco smoke can damage the brain; epidemiological studies establishing a strong link between dementia and particulate matter and ozone; papers explaining the properties of pollution; and works describing the intricate pathways which transform normal neurons into ghost tangles surrounded by a devastated brain. Air pollution is complex; different pollutants, different sizes and shapes and different portals of entry, play different roles, but their capacity to damage neural tissue is abundantly illustrated in this book, which highlights the need for preventive measures to protect the millions of people currently exposed to air pollutants, and the need to ameliorate their harmful effects.
Neurological Disorders
Neurological Disorders - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Neurological Disorders write by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006. Neurological Disorders available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Although there are several gaps in understanding the many issues related to neurological disorders, we know enough to be able to shape effective policy responses to some of the most common. This book describes and discusses the increasing public health impact of common neurological disorders such as dementia, epilepsy, headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, neuroinfections, neurological disorders associated with malnutrition, pain associated with neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease, stroke and traumatic brain injuries. It provides information and advice on public health interventions that may reduce their occurrence and consequences, and offers health professionals and planners the opportunity to assess the burden caused by these disorders. The clear message that emerges is that unless immediate action is taken globally, the neurological burden is likely to become an increasingly serious and unmanageable.
Future Directions for the Demography of Aging
Future Directions for the Demography of Aging - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Future Directions for the Demography of Aging write by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This book was released on 2018-07-21. Future Directions for the Demography of Aging available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Almost 25 years have passed since the Demography of Aging (1994) was published by the National Research Council. Future Directions for the Demography of Aging is, in many ways, the successor to that original volume. The Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to produce an authoritative guide to new directions in demography of aging. The papers published in this report were originally presented and discussed at a public workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 17-18, 2017. The workshop discussion made evident that major new advances had been made in the last two decades, but also that new trends and research directions have emerged that call for innovative conceptual, design, and measurement approaches. The report reviews these recent trends and also discusses future directions for research on a range of topics that are central to current research in the demography of aging. Looking back over the past two decades of demography of aging research shows remarkable advances in our understanding of the health and well-being of the older population. Equally exciting is that this report sets the stage for the next two decades of innovative researchâ€"a period of rapid growth in the older American population.
Cognitive Aging
Cognitive Aging - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Cognitive Aging write by Institute of Medicine. This book was released on 2015-07-21. Cognitive Aging available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health. Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors.
