Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminal Anaerobic Bacteria: a Comparison Between Ruminococcus Albus 8 and Prevotella Ruminicola 23 - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminal Anaerobic Bacteria: a Comparison Between Ruminococcus Albus 8 and Prevotella Ruminicola 23 write by Jong N. Kim. This book was released on 2010. Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminal Anaerobic Bacteria: a Comparison Between Ruminococcus Albus 8 and Prevotella Ruminicola 23 available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Three different types of GS from P. ruminicola 23 were heterologously expressed in E. coli and characterized. Two different GS type III proteins (GSIII-1; ORFB01459 and GSIII-2; ORFB02034) showed GS biosynthetic activities, while no GSI biosynthetic activity was detected. We have defined the optimal conditions for enzymatic activity and these were found to be consistent with the parameters of the rumen habitat of P. ruminicola 23. Finally, we analyzed the effects on transcription and assayed key enzymatic activities on limiting (0.7 mM) and non-limiting (10 mM) concentrations of ammonia during growth in chemostat culture. These studies revealed an important role for GSIII-2 (ORFB02034) in P. ruminicola 23 when ammonia was excess. Changes in the global gene expression profile of P. ruminicola 23 in response to variations in the available nitrogen source (ammonia or peptides) were analyzed by microarray and related to changes in enzymatic activity and the proteome. In total, 110 genes (3.8% of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on ammonia, while 120 genes (4.2 % of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on peptides. P. ruminicola 23 grown on ammonia induced genes which are predicted to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis, molecular transport and several that affect the cell envelope. Growth on peptides induced genes whose products are involved in DNA metabolism, protein fate, protein synthesis and transcription. GS-GOGAT (GSIII-2: 22.5, GOGAT large subunit: 26.3, and small subunit: 22.4 fold) pathways was also upregulated when grown on ammonia. The greatest transcriptional up-regulation was observed for the ammonium transporter, amt (47.0 fold) and the nitrogen regulatory protein PII (46.5 fold) during growth with ammonia. In contrast, growth on peptides resulted in the up-regulation of more than 17 ribosomal proteins but no up-regulation of other nitrogen metabolism pathways. Our results provide a whole genome transcriptional overview of the responses by P. ruminicola 23 to two different nitrogen sources and are supported by proteomic and biochemical evidence. Collectively leading to an overall improvement in the understanding of the genetic responses and biochemical pathways used by P. ruminicola 23 to obtain and utilize different nitrogen sources. The response of P. ruminicola 23 to growth-limiting or non-limiting concentrations of ammonia were analyzed by microarray and related to changes in enzymatic activity. The results demonstrated dramatic changes in gene expression and enzymatic activity between the two conditions. In total, 166 genes (5.8% of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on non-limiting concentration of ammonia, while 287 genes (10.0% of the genome) transcriptionally upregulated during growth on limiting concentration of ammonia. Specifically, growth in non-limiting concentrations of ammonia induced genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, while ammonia limiting conditions caused the induction of genes involved in DNA metabolism, protein fate and the manipulation of the cell envelope. Links were observed between carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, such as between the reverse TCA cycle and glutamate biosynthesis during growth on non-limiting concentration of ammonia. Interestingly, P. ruminicola 23 grown on ammonia showed that ammonia assimilation pathways of NADPH-GDH and GS-GOGAT are major metabolic pathways on non-limiting concentration of ammonia. Especially, GSIII-2 and the ammonium transporter were significantly up-regulated on ammonia and these gene expression results reflected the enzyme assay results. Our studies provide a more detailed understanding of the genetic and enzymatic regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism undertaken by R. albus 8, a key fiber degrading ruminal Firmicute, and P. ruminicola 23, a predominant ruminal organism important in hemicellulose and protein metabolism.
The Rumen and Its Microbes
The Rumen and Its Microbes - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Rumen and Its Microbes write by Robert E. Hungate. This book was released on 2013-10-22. The Rumen and Its Microbes available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The Rumen and Its Microbes is a contribution to the ecology of this important microbial habitat. Relatively few microbial habitats have been subjected to a thorough quantitative ecological analysis. The rumen fermentation is peculiarly suitable because of its relatively constant and continuous nature and because of the very rapid rates of conversion of organic matter. Although analysis of the ruminant-microbe symbiosis is still far from complete, knowledge is sufficient for formulation of principles and for identification and measurement of important parameters. The first eight chapters of the book include a description of the rumen and its microbes, their activities, and the extent of these activities. This basic biology provides a framework in which applications to agriculture can be evaluated. These applications are discussed in the last four chapters: host metabolism, variation in the rumen, possible practical applications, and abnormalities in rumen function.
Ruminant Physiology
Ruminant Physiology - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Ruminant Physiology write by Pierre Cronjé. This book was released on 2000. Ruminant Physiology available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP) is the premier forum for presentation and discussion of advances in knowledge of the physiology of ruminant animals. This book brings together edited versions of the keynote review papers presented at the symposium.
The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem
The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem write by P.N. Hobson. This book was released on 2012-12-06. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The Preface to the first edition of this book explained the reasons for the publication of a comprehensive text on the rumen and rumen microbes in 1988. The microbes of the ruminant's forestomach and those in related organs in other animals and birds provide the means by which herbivorous animals can digest and obtain nutriment from vegetation. In turn, humans have relied, and still do rely, on herbivores for much of their food, clothing and motive power. Herbivores also form the food of carnivorous animals and birds in the wild. The importance of the rumen microorganisms is thus apparent. But, while a knowledge of rumen organisms is not strictly neces sary for the normal, practical feeding of farm animals, in recent years there has been much more emphasis on increasing the productivity of domesti cated animals and in rearing farm animals on unusual feedstuffs. Here, a knowledge of the reactions of the rumen flora, and the limits to these reactions, can be invaluable. In addition, anaerobic rumen-type microor ganisms are found in the intestines of omnivores, including humans, and can be implicated in diseases of humans and animals. They are also found in soils and natural waters, where they playa part in causing pollution and also in reducing it, while the same organisms confined in artificial systems are essential for the purification of sewage and other polluting and toxic wastes.
Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution
Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution write by Anil Kumar Puniya. This book was released on 2015-07-11. Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This book offers an in-depth description of different groups of microbes (i.e. bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses) that exist in the rumen microbial community, and offers an overview of rumen microbiology, the rumen microbial ecosystem of domesticated ruminants, and rumen microbial diversity. It provides the latest concepts on rumen microbiology for scholars, researchers and teachers of animal and veterinary sciences. With this goal in mind, throughout the text we focus on specific areas related to the biology and complex interactions of the microbes in rumen, integrating significant key issues in each respective area. We also discuss rumen manipulation with plant secondary metabolites, microbial feed additives, utilization of organic acids, selective inhibition of harmful rumen microbes, and ‘omics’ approaches to manipulating rumen microbial functions. A section on the exploration and exploitation of rumen microbes addresses topics including the current state of knowledge on rumen metagenomics, rumen: an underutilized niche for industrially important enzymes and ruminal fermentations to produce fuels. We next turn our attention to commercial applications of rumen microbial enzymes and to the molecular characterization of euryarcheal communities within an anaerobic digester. A section on intestinal disorders and rumen microbes covers acidosis in cattle, urea/ ammonia metabolism in the rumen and nitrate/ nitrite toxicity in ruminant diets. Last, the future prospects of rumen microbiology are examined, based on the latest developments in this area. In summary, the book offers a highly systematic collection of essential content on rumen microbiology.
