Key to Economic Science - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Key to Economic Science write by . This book was released on 1977. Key to Economic Science available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle.
How Economics Shapes Science
How Economics Shapes Science - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook How Economics Shapes Science write by Paula Stephan. This book was released on 2015-09-07. How Economics Shapes Science available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The beauty of science may be pure and eternal, but the practice of science costs money. And scientists, being human, respond to incentives and costs, in money and glory. Choosing a research topic, deciding what papers to write and where to publish them, sticking with a familiar area or going into something new—the payoff may be tenure or a job at a highly ranked university or a prestigious award or a bump in salary. The risk may be not getting any of that. At a time when science is seen as an engine of economic growth, Paula Stephan brings a keen understanding of the ongoing cost-benefit calculations made by individuals and institutions as they compete for resources and reputation. She shows how universities offload risks by increasing the percentage of non-tenure-track faculty, requiring tenured faculty to pay salaries from outside grants, and staffing labs with foreign workers on temporary visas. With funding tight, investigators pursue safe projects rather than less fundable ones with uncertain but potentially path-breaking outcomes. Career prospects in science are increasingly dismal for the young because of ever-lengthening apprenticeships, scarcity of permanent academic positions, and the difficulty of getting funded. Vivid, thorough, and bold, How Economics Shapes Science highlights the growing gap between the haves and have-nots—especially the vast imbalance between the biomedical sciences and physics/engineering—and offers a persuasive vision of a more productive, more creative research system that would lead and benefit the world.
Key to Economic Science and Managerial Sciences
Key to Economic Science and Managerial Sciences - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Key to Economic Science and Managerial Sciences write by . This book was released on 1986. Key to Economic Science and Managerial Sciences available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle.
Key to economic science : semi-monthly review of abstracts on economics, finance, trade, industry, foreign aid, management, marketing, labour
Key to economic science : semi-monthly review of abstracts on economics, finance, trade, industry, foreign aid, management, marketing, labour - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Key to economic science : semi-monthly review of abstracts on economics, finance, trade, industry, foreign aid, management, marketing, labour write by [Anonymus AC02870754]. This book was released on 1976. Key to economic science : semi-monthly review of abstracts on economics, finance, trade, industry, foreign aid, management, marketing, labour available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle.
Economics as a Social Science
Economics as a Social Science - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Economics as a Social Science write by Andrew M. Kamarck. This book was released on 2009-04-21. Economics as a Social Science available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Economics as a Social Science is a highly readable critique of economic theory, based on a wide range of research, that endeavors to restore economics to its proper role as a social science. Contrary to conventional economic theory, which assumes that people have no free will, this book instead bases economics on the realistic assumption that human beings can choose; that we are complex beings affected by emotion, custom, habit, and reason; and that our behavior varies with circumstances and times. It embraces the findings of history, psychology, and other social sciences and the insights from great literature on human behavior as opposed to the rigidity set by mathematical axioms that define how economics is understood and practiced today. Andrew M. Kamarck demonstrates that only rough accuracy is attainable in economic measurement, and that understanding an economy requires knowledge from other disciplines. The canonical hypotheses of economics (perfect rationality, self-interest, equilibrium) are shown to be inadequate (and in the case of "equilibrium" to be counterproductive to understanding the forces that dominate the economy), and more satisfactory assumptions provided. The market is shown to work imperfectly and to require appropriate institutions to perform its function reasonably well. Further, Kamarck argues that self-interest does not always lead to helping the general interest. Economics as a Social Science examines and revises the fundamental assumptions of economics. Because it avoids jargon and explains terms carefully, it will be of interest to economics majors as well as to graduate students of economics and other social sciences, and social scientists working in government and the private sector. Andrew M. Kamarck is former Director, Economic Development Institute, the World Bank.
