NATO Before the Korean War - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook NATO Before the Korean War write by Lawrence S. Kaplan. This book was released on 2013. NATO Before the Korean War available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. A reexamination of the formative years of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Conventional wisdom has the Korean War putting the "O" in NATO. Prior to that time, from the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, to the North Korean invasion of South Korea on June 25, 1950, the Treaty allies were just going through the motions of establishing an organization. Historian Lawrence Kaplan argues that this is a mistaken view, and he fills significant blanks in the record of 1949 and 1950, which NATO officials and analysts alike have largely ignored. When the Treaty was signed, the United States hailed the end of its isolationist tradition, as it recognized the necessity of devising new means to cope with the menace of Soviet-led Communism. It was interested in creating a new order in the Old World that would open the way to a united Europe. Toward this end, the allies crafted a transatlantic bargain. In its simplest form, the bargain involved a U.S. commitment to rebuild, economically and militarily, a Western Europe devastated by World War II. In exchange for America's abandonment of its customary abstention from Europe, the Western allies would take steps to end Europe's traditional divisions and integrate its resources on every level. The sheer magnitude of the mutual obligations received widespread attention on both sides of the Atlantic as well as within the Communist bloc. The Korean War's impact on the development of the organization marginalized the prewar history of NATO. Kaplan asserts that the Korean War was not needed to convert the alliance into an organization, as it was already in place on June 25, 1950. The progress of NATO's development was often improvised and untidy, and "the first crude tools of the organization," as Dean Acheson noted, had been cast by the end of the London meeting of the North Atlantic Council in May 1950. The seeds of major changes took the form of the supreme allied commanders, and a civilian coordinating body could be found in negotiations conducted during the winter and spring of 1950. The origins of the "O" in NATO are found in the text of the North Atlantic Treaty, in Article 9, under whose auspices new responsibilities were justified.
The United States and NATO
The United States and NATO - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The United States and NATO write by Lawrence S. Kaplan. This book was released on 1984. The United States and NATO available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. In this analysis of NATO's formation and early years, Kaplan describes how the Alliance began as a response to European perceptions and initiatives and ultimately led the U.S. to abandon its cherished tradition of non-entanglement. He examines the tortuous negotiations between Europeans and Americans and the bargaining among individuals, factions, and institutions in the United States to show how anguished the American decision to join Europe in a military alliance was. He also describes the early organizational developments and the impact of the Korean War on NATO. He concludes that though several problems that were not settled in the formative years and still plague NATO, it remains a primary means of bringing about a rational organization of international life. ISBN 0-8131-0159-X (pbk.) : $12.00.
NATO and the United States
NATO and the United States - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook NATO and the United States write by Lawrence S. Kaplan. This book was released on 1988. NATO and the United States available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This volume presents an authoritative history of the often tortuous partnership between the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Beginning with the founding of NATO, the book charts U.S. involvement with the organization and the political, economic, and military impact of such involvement on the United States, the European countries involved, and the international community. He also assesses the impact of such major events as the Korean War, the launch of Sputnik and de Gaulle's 1966 decision to pull France out of the organization. He concludes with a summary of the changes in its history. ISBN 0-8057-9200-7 (pbk.) : $10.95.
Fearing the Worst
Fearing the Worst - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Fearing the Worst write by Samuel F. Wells Jr.. This book was released on 2019-11-26. Fearing the Worst available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. After World War II, the escalating tensions of the Cold War shaped the international system. Fearing the Worst explains how the Korean War fundamentally changed postwar competition between the United States and the Soviet Union into a militarized confrontation that would last decades. Samuel F. Wells Jr. examines how military and political events interacted to escalate the conflict. Decisions made by the Truman administration in the first six months of the Korean War drove both superpowers to intensify their defense buildup. American leaders feared the worst-case scenario—that Stalin was prepared to start World War III—and raced to build up strategic arms, resulting in a struggle they did not seek out or intend. Their decisions stemmed from incomplete interpretations of Soviet and Chinese goals, especially the belief that China was a Kremlin puppet. Yet Stalin, Mao, and Kim Il-sung all had their own agendas, about which the United States lacked reliable intelligence. Drawing on newly available documents and memoirs—including previously restricted archives in Russia, China, and North Korea—Wells analyzes the key decision points that changed the course of the war. He also provides vivid profiles of the central actors as well as important but lesser known figures. Bringing together studies of military policy and diplomacy with the roles of technology, intelligence, and domestic politics in each of the principal nations, Fearing the Worst offers a new account of the Korean War and its lasting legacy.
How NATO Adapts
How NATO Adapts - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook How NATO Adapts write by Seth A. Johnston. This book was released on 2017-02. How NATO Adapts available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Despite momentous change, NATO remains a crucial safeguard of security and peace. Today’s North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with nearly thirty members and a global reach, differs strikingly from the alliance of twelve created in 1949 to “keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down.” These differences are not simply the result of the Cold War’s end, 9/11, or recent twenty-first-century developments but represent a more general pattern of adaptability first seen in the incorporation of Germany as a full member of the alliance in the early 1950s. Unlike other enduring post–World War II institutions that continue to reflect the international politics of their founding era, NATO stands out for the boldness and frequency of its transformations over the past seventy years. In this compelling book, Seth A. Johnston presents readers with a detailed examination of how NATO adapts. Nearly every aspect of NATO—including its missions, functional scope, size, and membership—is profoundly different than at the organization’s founding. Using a theoretical framework of “critical junctures” to explain changes in NATO’s organization and strategy throughout its history, Johnston argues that the alliance’s own bureaucratic actors played important and often overlooked roles in these adaptations. Touching on renewed confrontation between Russia and the West, which has reignited the debate about NATO’s relevance, as well as a quarter century of post–Cold War rapprochement and more than a decade of expeditionary effort in Afghanistan, How NATO Adapts explores how crises from Ukraine to Syria have again made NATO’s capacity for adaptation a defining aspect of European and international security. Students, scholars, and policy practitioners will find this a useful resource for understanding NATO, transatlantic relations, and security in Europe and North America, as well as theories about change in international institutions.
