Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO write by Randall Dean Schnepf. This book was released on 2008. Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This book provides background regarding the vulnerability of U.S. agricultural support programs to potential WTO dispute settlement challenges. It does not predict which WTO members might challenge U.S. commodity subsidies, nor will the likelihood that such challenges be brought. Instead, this book reviews the general criteria for successfully challenging a farm subsidy program, and then uses available data and published economic analyses to weigh U.S. farm programs against these criteria.
Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO
Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO write by Randy Schnepf. This book was released on 2006. Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Prior to its expiration on January 1, 2004, the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Peace Clause (Article 13 of the Agreement on Agriculture) provided protection from trade remedy consideration and WTO dispute settlement for domestic farm subsidies provided they met certain compliance conditions. Absent the Peace Clause, challenges to U.S. farm subsidies now appear to confront a lower threshold of success, that of establishing "serious prejudice" under Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM). In particular, the criteria for establishing serious prejudice claims include demonstrating (1) the magnitude of a commodity's subsidies either as a share of returns or as an important determinant in covering production costs; (2) the relevance of the subsidized commodity to world markets as a share of either world production or world trade; and (3) a causal relationship between the subsidy and the adverse effect in the relevant market. Evidence of these criteria favors a successful challenge ruling by a WTO panel, as demonstrated by Brazil's successful WTO challenge of the U.S. cotton program. A review of current U.S. farm programs measured against these criteria suggests that all major U.S. program crops are potentially vulnerable to WTO challenges. In addition, a review of recent economic analyses suggests that a partial policy reform of the nature suggested by the U.S. Doha-Round Proposal would do little to diminish the causal relationship between U.S. crop subsidies and adverse effects in international markets. Instead, the most clear method for decreasing exposure to WTO legal challenges is through extensive decoupling of U.S. programs -- i.e., removing the linkage between payments and producer or consumer behavior. Such decoupling would sever the causality linkage necessary to consummate a successful WTO challenge.
Crs Report for Congress
Crs Report for Congress - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Crs Report for Congress write by Congressional Research Service: The Libr. This book was released on 2013-11. Crs Report for Congress available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Prior to its expiration on January 1, 2004, the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Peace Clause (Article 13 of the Agreement on Agriculture) provided protection from trade remedy consideration and WTO dispute settlement for domestic farm subsidies provided they met certain compliance conditions. Absent the Peace Clause, challenges to U.S. farm subsidies now appear to confront a lower threshold for success, that of establishing serious prejudice under Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM). In particular, the criteria for establishing serious prejudice claims include demonstrating (1) the magnitude of a commodity's subsidies either as a share of returns or as an important determinant in covering production costs; (2) the relevance of the subsidized commodity to world markets as a share of either world production or world trade; and (3) a causal relationship between the subsidy and the adverse effect in the relevant market. Evidence of these criteria favors a successful challenge ruling by a WTO panel, as demonstrated by Brazil's successful WTO challenge of the U.S. cotton program. A review of current U.S. farm programs measured against these criteria suggests that all major U.S. program crops are potentially vulnerable to WTO challenges. In addition, a ...
Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO
Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO write by . This book was released on 2007. Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Expiration of the WTO's so-called Peace Clause on January 1, 2004, appears to have made U.S. export and domestic support programs more vulnerable to legal challenge under WTO rules. This report examines U.S. commodity subsidy programs against an emerging set of criteria that test their potential vulnerability. The criteria are whether the subsidies cause adverse effects contributing to serious prejudice under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), Articles 5 and 6.3. When measured against these criteria, available evidence suggests that all major U.S. program crops, particularly crops receiving benefits under both the counter-cyclical payments program and marketing loan provisions (i.e., corn, soybeans, wheat, rice, cotton, peanuts, barley, sorghum, oats, and minor oilseeds), are potentially vulnerable to dispute settlement challenges. If such challenges occur and are successful, the WTO remedy likely would imply either elimination, alteration, or amendment by Congress of the programs in question to remove their adverse effects. Alternately, in light of an adverse ruling the United States could choose to make compensatory payments (under agreement with the challenging country) to offset the alleged injury. In spite of U.S. vulnerability, there are reasons why challenges may rarely be filed. Disputes are economically and diplomatically costly, and a lost challenge can help to legitimize the disputed program. This report, which will not be updated, is an abridged version of CRS Report RL33697, Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the WTO. Citations to sources appear in that report.
When the Peace Ends
When the Peace Ends - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook When the Peace Ends write by Richard H. Steinberg. This book was released on 2015. When the Peace Ends available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Article 13 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, known as the "Peace Clause," precludes most WTO dispute settlement challenges against a country that is complying with the Agreement's liberalization commitments - until 1 January 2004, when the Peace Clause will expire. This article evaluates the strength of the main legal theories likely to be used in challenges to EC and US agricultural subsidies after expiry of the Peace Clause, and then employs economic techniques (regression analysis and equilibrium modeling) to meaningfully apply the soundest legal theories to economic data about agriculture trade. We conclude that when the Peace Clause expires, many commodity-specific EC and US agricultural subsidies will be vulnerable to legal challenges under Article 6.3(a)-(c) and 6.4 of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. The remedy would require that such subsidies be withdrawn or that appropriate steps be taken to remove their adverse effects. Non-subsidizing developing countries can be expected to bargain in the shadow of this legal vulnerability, demanding that the Community and the United States commit to further subsidy reductions and a shift toward tariff-and-decoupled-payments systems, in exchange for extension of the Peace Clause.
