Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq write by Meir Litvak. This book was released on 2002-05-02. Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. In the nineteenth century, the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala in Ottoman Iraq emerged as the most important Shi'i centres of learning. In a major contribution to the study of pre-modern Middle Eastern religious institutions, Meir Litvak analyses the social and political dynamics of these communities. Tracing the historical evolution of Shi'i leadership, he explores the determinants of social status amongst the ulama, the concept of patronage, the structure of learning, questions of ethnicity, and financial matters. He also assesses the role of the ulama as communal leaders who, in the face of a hostile Sunni government in Baghdad, were often obliged to adopt a more quietest political stance than their counterparts in Iran. This is an important book which sheds light on the formation of contemporary Shi'ism and the surrounding debates.
The Shi’a of Samarra
The Shi’a of Samarra - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Shi’a of Samarra write by Imranali Panjwani. This book was released on 2012-01-30. The Shi’a of Samarra available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. On 22 February 2006, the main dome of the al-Askariyya shrine in Samarra was blown up. In the aftermath, sectarian strife between Shi'i and Sunni communities in Iraq and the wider region resonated around the world. The assault on Samarra, which was built in the period of the Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century CE, therefore came to represent for many a symbol of the destructive civil conflict which engulfed Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion. The Shi'a of Samarra explores and analyses the cultural, architectural and political heritage of the Shi'a in both Samarra and the Middle East, thus highlighting how this city functions as a microcosm for the contentious issues and debates which remain at the forefront of efforts to rebuild the modern Iraqi state. From its origins under the eighth Abbasid caliph to its rise as a recognized site for visitation (ziyarat), akin to that of Najaf and Karbala, Samarra in the early period of Islam was a prominent gathering place for Shi'i Muslims. Of particular importance was the presence of the shrines of the tenth and eleventh Imams, and Samarra's status as the last known residence of the twelfth Imam. But upon the return of the Abbasids to their former capital of Baghdad at the end of the ninth century, Samarra's importance declined. Although there were Shi'i Muslims present in Samarra, it was in the late nineteenth century that the city once again became a centre for religious and juridical learning, for the most part due to the presence of the Ayatollah Mirza Hasan Shirazi. Here, the book highlights the cross-border linkages of Shi'i clerics and the impact of their teaching on both the Shi'a and Sunni within the city, and across the Middle East. Crucially, this volume also examines the history of sectarianism in Samarra: exploring issues of citizenship and identity in Iraq, and - bearing in mind the specific socio-political context of this conflict - analysing the rise of violence between the Shi'a and the Sunni. In the aftermath of the US-led invasion, and the bombings of the main dome in 2006 and the two minarets in 2007, this book also details the efforts at reconstruction that have taken place, providing important insights for students and researchers working on the history and politics of Iraq and the Middle East, as well as those interested in the art and architecture of the Islamic world.
The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism
The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism write by Zackery M. Heern. This book was released on 2015-06-04. The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This book takes a fresh look at the foundations of modern Islam. Scholars often locate the origins of the modern Islamic world in European colonialism or Islamic reactions to European modernity. However, this study focuses on the rise of Islamic movements indigenous to the Middle East, which developed in direct response to the collapse and decentralization of the Islamic gunpowder empires. In other words, the book argues that the Usuli movement as well as Wahhabism and neo-Sufism emerged in reaction to the disintegration and political decentralization of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal empires. The book specifically highlights the emergence of Usuli Shi‘ism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The long-term impact of the Usuli revival was that Shi‘i clerics gained unprecedented social, political, and economic power in Iran and southern Iraq. Usuli clerics claimed authority to issue binding legal judgments, which, they argue, must be observed by all Shi‘is. By the early nineteenth century, Usulism emerged as a popular, fiercely independent, transnational Islamic movement. The Usuli clerics have often operated at the heart of social and political developments in modern Iraq and Iran and today dominate the politics of the region.
Religion and Politics in Iraq
Religion and Politics in Iraq - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Religion and Politics in Iraq write by Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski. This book was released on 2004. Religion and Politics in Iraq available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Religion and Politics in Iraq features four chapters that outline the major political developments faced by Iraq's Muslim clerics from the end of the 19th century, under the ailing Ottoman empire, to the 1980s. This crucial period saw fierce internal struggles, foreign intervention and bloody persecution of the political opposition, as well as the emergence of a totalitarian one-party system with absolute control over all sectors of social and religious life. During this period, Baathist Iraq attacked its Muslim neighbours Kuwait and Iran and used poison gas in its "ethnic cleansing" campaign against the Kurds. This book focuses on the dilemma of Iraq's clerics within this setting, caught between political activism and quietism. It addresses also major developments in neighbouring Iran insofar as they had a bearing on Iraq.
Najaf, the Gate of wisdom
Najaf, the Gate of wisdom - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Najaf, the Gate of wisdom write by Tabbaa, Yasser. This book was released on 2014-07-28. Najaf, the Gate of wisdom available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Najaf : The Gate of Wisdom is an introduction to one of the world's most sacred cities, illustrated with over 120 photographs and written by authors with first-hand experience of the city. The resting place of Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib - considered by Shi'i Islam the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed - Najaf is endowed with a unique spiritual significance for millions of Muslims. This book traces the city's history to the present day by surveying its urban form and major religious monuments, providing insight into Shi'i rituals, pilgrimages and funerals in the cemetery of Wadi al-Salam, and offering vivid portraits of its people.
