Spatiotemporal Crime Patterns and the Urban Environment - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Spatiotemporal Crime Patterns and the Urban Environment write by Matthew Quick. This book was released on 2019. Spatiotemporal Crime Patterns and the Urban Environment available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Crime and disorder influence individual quality of life, community social cohesion, and processes of neighbourhood and urban change. Existing studies that analyze local crime and disorder patterns generally focus only on where crime and disorder events occur. However, understanding the spatiotemporal patterning of crime and disorder, or both where and when events occur, is central to the design, implementation, and evaluation of crime prevention policies and programs. This dissertation explores the connections between local spatiotemporal patterns of crime and disorder, the urban environment, and urban planning through three research articles. Each article makes theoretical contributions that improve understanding of how characteristics of the urban environment influence crime and disorder, methodological contributions that advance spatiotemporal modeling of small-area crime data, and policy-oriented contributions that inform place-based crime prevention initiatives in urban planning, local government, and law enforcement. The first research article examines if, and how, physical disorder, social disorder, property crime, and violent crime share a common spatial pattern and/or a common time trend. Three multivariate models are compared and the results of the best-fitting model show that all crime and disorder types share a common spatial pattern and a common time trend. The shared spatial pattern is found to explain the largest proportion of variability for all types of crime and disorder, and type-specific spatiotemporal hotspots of crime and disorder are identified and investigated to contextualize broken windows theory. This study supports collective efficacy theory, which contends that multiple crime and disorder types are associated with same underlying processes, and highlights specific areas where crime prevention interventions should be designed to address all, or only one, type(s) of crime and disorder. The second article quantifies the time-varying relationships between land use and property crime for twelve seasons at the small-area scale. A set of spatiotemporal regression models with time-constant and time-varying regression coefficients are compared and the results of the best-fitting model show that parks and eating and drinking establishments exhibit recurring seasonal relationships, where parks are more positively associated with property crime during spring/summer and eating and drinking establishments are more positively associated with property crime during autumn/winter. Local land use composition is shown to have a more substantial impact on the spatial, rather than the spatiotemporal, patterning of crime. Applied to policy, the results of this article inform the design and coordination of time-constant and time-varying crime prevention initiatives as implemented by urban planning and law enforcement agencies, respectively. The third article investigates the spatiotemporal patterning of violent crime across multiple spatial scales. Violent crime data are measured at the small-area scale (lower-level units) and small-areas are nested in neighbourhoods, electoral wards, and patrol zones (higher-level units). A cross-classified multilevel model is applied to accommodate the three higher-level units that are non-hierarchical and have overlapping boundaries. Accounting for sociodemographic, built environment, and civic engagement characteristics, planning neighborhoods, electoral wards, and patrol zones are found to explain approximately fourteen percent of the total spatiotemporal variation of violent crime. Planning neighborhoods are the most important source of variation amongst the higher-level units. This article advances understanding of the multiscale processes that influence where and when violent crime events occur and provides area-specific crime risk information within the geographical frameworks used by policymakers in urban planning (neighbourhoods), local government (wards), and law enforcement (patrol zones). Broadly, this dissertation advances research focused on the connections between crime and disorder and the urban environment by (1) quantifying the degree to which spatiotemporal crime and disorder patterns are stable and/or dynamic, (2) examining the relationships between crime and disorder and local sociodemographic and built environment characteristics, (3) illustrating a set of statistical models that make sense of spatiotemporal crime and disorder patterns at the small-area scale, and (4) providing local spatiotemporal information that can be used to design and implement place-based crime prevention initiatives in urban planning, local government, and law enforcement.
The Science of Crime Measurement
The Science of Crime Measurement - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Science of Crime Measurement write by Martin A. Andresen. This book was released on 2014-01-03. The Science of Crime Measurement available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Crime statistics are ubiquitous in modern society – but how accurate are they? This book investigates the science of crime measurement focussing on four main questions: how do we count crime? How do we calculate crime rates? Are there other measurements of crime? What are the issues surrounding crime statistics? All too often we take the measurement of crime at face value when there is, in fact, a science behind it. This book specifically deals with issues related to spatially-referenced crime data that are used to analyse crime patterns across the urban environment. The first section of the book considers alternative crime rate calculations. The second section of the book contains a thorough discussion of a measure of crime specialisation. Finally, the third section of the book addresses a number of aggregation issues that are present with such data: crime type aggregations, temporal aggregations of crime data, the stability of crime patterns over time, and the importance of spatial scale. This book builds on a growing body of literature on the science of crime measurement and offers a comprehensive account of this growing subfield of criminology. The book speaks to wider debates in the fields of crime analysis, environmental criminology and crime prevention and will be perfect reading for advanced level undergraduate and graduate students looking to find out more about the measurement of crime.
The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear
The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear write by Vania Ceccato. This book was released on 2012-06-21. The Urban Fabric of Crime and Fear available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. How does the city’s urban fabric relate to crime and fear, and how is that fabric affected by crime and fear? Does the urban environment affect one’s decision to commit an offence? Is there a victimisation-related inequality within cities? How do crime and fear interrelate to inequality and segregation in cities of developing countries? What are the challenges to planning cities which are both safe and sustainable? This book searches for answers to these questions in the nature of the city, particularly in the social interactions that take place in urban space distinctively guided by different land uses and people’s activities. In other words, the book deals with the urban fabric of crime and fear. The novelty of the book is to place safety and security issues on the urban scale by (1) showing links between urban structure, and crime and fear, (2) illustrating how different disciplines deal with urban vulnerability to (and fear of) crime (3) including concrete examples of issues and challenges found in European and North American cities, and, without being too extensive, also in cities of the Global South.
Analyzing Crime Patterns
Analyzing Crime Patterns - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Analyzing Crime Patterns write by Victor Goldsmith. This book was released on 2000. Analyzing Crime Patterns available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Crime control continues to be a growth industry, despite the drop in crime indicators throughout the nation. This volume shows how state-of-the-art geographic information systems (GIS) are revolutionizing urban law enforcement, with an award-winning program in New York City leading the way. Electronic "pin mapping" is used to display the incidence of crime, to stimulate effective strategies and decision making, and to evaluate the impact of recent activity applied to hotspots. The expert information presented by 12 contributors will guide departments without such tools to understand the latest technologies and successfully employ them. Besides describing and assessing cutting-edge techniques of crime mapping, this book emphasizes: * the organizational and intellectual contexts in which spatial analysis of crime takes place, * the technical problems of defining, measuring, interpreting, and predicting spatial concentrations of crime, * the common use of New York City crime data, and * practical applications of what is known (e.g., a review of mapping and analysis software packages using the same data set). Students, academics, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the areas of criminal justice, corrections, geography, social problems, law and government, public administration, and public policy analysis will need to look at the interdisciplinary nature of both GIS and spatial dimensions of crime in order to comprehend the variety of different approaches address important analytic problems, reassess public facilities and resources, and prepare to respond more quickly to emerging hotspots.
Planning for Crime
Planning for Crime - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Planning for Crime write by Kathryn Elizabeth Wuschke. This book was released on 2016. Planning for Crime available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The built urban environment influences the spatial distribution of criminal activity. Common activity nodes are clustered in specific urban locales, drawing individuals from within and beyond municipal boundaries for legitimate, daily needs. These key nodes are connected via the street network, and are typically concentrated along major routes. Such built urban features form the origins, destinations, and pathways used by residents and visitors alike, thereby facilitating the intersection of potential offenders and targets in both space and time. Crime events have repeatedly been found to concentrate at and near key features within the built environment, though the specific patterns of clustering can vary by urban locale and urban feature. This compilation of three inter-related studies explores the connections between crime and the physical landscape within a relatively under-studied research environment: mid-sized suburban municipalities. The first study contributes a multi-scale locally based exploration of the land use and road types associated with disproportionate crime rates. These results direct the second investigation, which analyses the areas beyond each local attractor to identify whether crime concentrates in these micro-spaces as well. The final contribution applies these locally-identified relationships within a prototype modeling framework to investigate the potential impact that urban growth and development may have on both crime, and the need for police resourcing. The collective results from this work emphasize the importance of locally-based, micro-scale analysis when exploring connections between crime and the urban environment. It further highlights the need for consideration of these results within planning and policy environments, and proposes a preliminary approach to facilitate this connection.
