The Challenge of Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Less Developed Countries - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Challenge of Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Less Developed Countries write by Dale Whittington. This book was released on 2009. The Challenge of Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Less Developed Countries available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This paper argues that there are many challenges to designing and implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x% while another yields a return of y%, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century
Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century write by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This book was released on 2019-03-08. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Environmental engineers support the well-being of people and the planet in areas where the two intersect. Over the decades the field has improved countless lives through innovative systems for delivering water, treating waste, and preventing and remediating pollution in air, water, and soil. These achievements are a testament to the multidisciplinary, pragmatic, systems-oriented approach that characterizes environmental engineering. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges outlines the crucial role for environmental engineers in this period of dramatic growth and change. The report identifies five pressing challenges of the 21st century that environmental engineers are uniquely poised to help advance: sustainably supply food, water, and energy; curb climate change and adapt to its impacts; design a future without pollution and waste; create efficient, healthy, resilient cities; and foster informed decisions and actions.
Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk: United Nations World Water Development Report #4 (3 Vols.)
Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk: United Nations World Water Development Report #4 (3 Vols.) - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk: United Nations World Water Development Report #4 (3 Vols.) write by UNESCO. This book was released on 2012-01-01. Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk: United Nations World Water Development Report #4 (3 Vols.) available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Released every three years since March 2003, the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR), a flagship UN-Water report published by UNESCO, has become the voice of the United Nations system in terms of the state, use and management of the world's freshwater resources. The report is primarily targeted at national decision-makers and water resource managers, but is also aimed at educating and informing a broader audience, from governments to the private sector and civil society. It underlines the important roles water plays in all social, economic and environmental decisions, highlighting policy implications across various sectors, from local and municipal to regional and international levels. Similarly to the first two editions, this report includes a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of several key challenge areas, such as water for food, energy and human health, and governance challenges such as institutional reform, knowledge and capacity-building, and financing, each produced by individual UN agencies.
Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7)
Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7) - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7) write by Charles N. Mock. This book was released on 2017-10-27. Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7) available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The substantial burden of death and disability that results from interpersonal violence, road traffic injuries, unintentional injuries, occupational health risks, air pollution, climate change, and inadequate water and sanitation falls disproportionally on low- and middle-income countries. Injury Prevention and Environmental Health addresses the risk factors and presents updated data on the burden, as well as economic analyses of platforms and packages for delivering cost-effective and feasible interventions in these settings. The volume's contributors demonstrate that implementation of a range of prevention strategies-presented in an essential package of interventions and policies-could achieve a convergence in death and disability rates that would avert more than 7.5 million deaths a year.
Routledge Handbook of Water and Health
Routledge Handbook of Water and Health - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Routledge Handbook of Water and Health write by Jamie Bartram. This book was released on 2015-09-25. Routledge Handbook of Water and Health available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative source of information on global water and health, suitable for interdisciplinary teaching for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students. It covers both developing and developed country concerns. It is organized into sections covering: hazards (including disease, chemicals and other contaminants); exposure; interventions; intervention implementation; distal influences; policies and their implementation; investigative tools; and historic cases. It offers 71 analytical and engaging chapters, each representing a session of teaching or graduate seminar. Written by a team of expert authors from around the world, many of whom are actively teaching the subject, the book provides a thorough and balanced overview of current knowledge, issues and relevant debates, integrating information from the environmental, health and social sciences.
