The Wari Civilization and Their Descendants - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook The Wari Civilization and Their Descendants write by Mary Glowacki. This book was released on 2020-01-15. The Wari Civilization and Their Descendants available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Drawing on research conducted in Cuzco, Peru,The Wari Civilization and Their Descendants: Imperial Transformation in Pre-Inca Cuzco, Peru analyzes the political and social transformations that led to the downfall of the Wari civilization in the Andean Middle Horizon period (AD 500–1000) and resulted in the rise of the Inca state. The contributors to this collection present evidence of the Wari civilization’s robust, imperialistic occupation of Cuzco, and argue that this presence laid the groundwork for later regional polities that can be traced to the Late Horizon Inca period (AD 1476–1532). This collection fills a gap in scholarly literature on Cuzco prehistory, the provincial southern highlands of the Wari civilization, and early imperialism in the Andes.
War, Spectacle and Politics in the Ancient Andes
War, Spectacle and Politics in the Ancient Andes - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook War, Spectacle and Politics in the Ancient Andes write by Elizabeth N. Arkush. This book was released on 2022-03-31. War, Spectacle and Politics in the Ancient Andes available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. This book examines the varied faces of war, politics, and violent spectacle over thousands of years in the pre-Columbian Andes.
City and Country
City and Country - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook City and Country write by Alexander R. Thomas. This book was released on 2021-06-17. City and Country available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average, two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased demand and requires a population to go further afield for resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a population puts on a given environment, and when those demands outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages, increases in population resulted in cultural (technological) innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically organized systems of multiple settlements working together to produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia seven-thousand years ago—the first urban-rural systems. As cities developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.
Violence and Trauma in the Wari Heartland
Violence and Trauma in the Wari Heartland - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Violence and Trauma in the Wari Heartland write by Jaclyn Elaine Meagher. This book was released on 2013. Violence and Trauma in the Wari Heartland available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The Wari civilization lasted from A.D. 600-1000, in central Peru. They conquered other cultures during their reign, and their power spread from their capital city, Huari. However, little data has been compared to study the physical treatment of their people. In this paper, the trauma studied in the bones of the Wari people were compared with age, gender, and social status, respectively. This study shows that violence was seen in both sexes, but more so in the male population. However, 25% of the female population showed trauma, indicating that females could have possibly been involved in warfare, or more likely, ritualistic violence. When studying trauma by age, the age ranges that showed that violence was more common in young and mid-adults, although most of the trauma had healed, indicating that most of the attacks were nonlethal. However, due to the large sample size of the unaged adults, it was difficult to specifically see if trauma was more present in one age than another. Lastly, when studying burial treatments, it was concluded that intermediate and ruling elites had significantly less trauma than the general population, as well as fewer diseases and malnutrition. While there was not a lot of data to use for this particular study, it does seem evident that the elites had better treatment and less experience with violent situations. While more research still needs to be conducted, this study is a good start in understanding how the Wari treated their people.
Wari
Wari - read free eBook in online reader or directly download on the web page. Select files or add your book in reader. Download and read online ebook Wari write by Susan E Bergh. This book was released on 2012-11-06. Wari available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Featuring approximately 145 of the most sumptuous and culturally significant Wari objects from collections in the United States, Peru, and Europe, and published to accompany the first exhibition in North America of their startlingly beautiful art An eminent ancestor of the better-known Inca, the Wari ascended to power in the south-central highlands of Peru in about AD 600, underwent a brief period of incandescently explosive growth, and then, by AD 1000, collapsed. Elite arts and the ideologies that informed them were among the Wari’s most prominent exports. From their capital, one of the largest archaeological sites in South America, they sent their religion along with elaborate objects and textiles out to highland provincial centers hundreds of miles to the north and south, and down into populous Pacific coastal areas to the west. The arts were crucial to the Wari’s political, economic, and religious communications: like other ancient Andean peoples, they did not write. The objects featured here cover the full range of Wari arts: elaborate textiles, which probably were at the core of their value systems; sophisticated ceramics of various styles; exquisite personal ornaments made of gold, silver, shell, or bone and often inlaid with precious materials; carved wood containers; and other works in stone and fiber.
